Military Med. Euglena is a rare organism that combines both plant and animal cell characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients. Res. 79, 371378. Chloroplast transformation in Euglena gracilis: splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon. A major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy. 191, 342353. doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Mattanovich, D. (2013). Comparison of the methods for determining degree of polymerization of water-insoluble -1,3-glucans. Soc. Vet. 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). Hazard. Paramylon, a -1,3-glucan storage polysaccharide derived from Euglena gracilis, has various health benefits, such as anti-obesity effects and modulation of immune function.However, whether paramylon intake affects the circadian clock remains unknown. 27, 140151. For example, expression of the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene in E. gracilis chloroplasts was shown to significantly enhance its photosynthetic activity, as well as the paramylon yield (by almost 2-fold), the WE yield under anaerobic conditions (~100-fold) and the biomass yield (~2-fold) (Ogawa et al., 2015). Abstract Motile microorganisms such as the green Euglena gracilis use a number of external stimuli to orient in their environment. E. gracilis is of considerable environmental importance and biotechnological value: it can survive a variety of carbon resources, toxic chemicals, and adverse environmental conditions such as. Opin. Alternatively, conventional mutagenesis could be used to generate 'natural' mutant strains with desired traits, a process which is generally not considered GM. Paramylon (-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. A review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications. Variability of wax ester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis strains in response to oxygen and the elongase inhibitor flufenacet. J. Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta). Nutr. Algae need their vitamins. Euglena is a unicellular organism with a complex internal structure that includes a contractile vacuole that can expel water and a red 'eyespot' . Appl. Buetow, D.E. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090, Bird, R.P. Biotechnol. Eng. In the first step of this process, E. gracilis is cultivated under inexpensive PT conditions (Arashida and Mitra, 2015). Antioxidants 6, 118. In recent years, a growing number of cytometry approaches have been developed for the screening of E. gracilis mutant strains with an increased lipid content. WEs can be used directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield WEs. Paramylon molecules are arranged as an intermolecular triple helix forming microfibrils, which in turn make up fibres. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. Subcellular distribution of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in Euglena gracilis Z. Phytochemistry 35, 5961. (2010). Microbiol. Biomed. Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. Identification of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH149. It is related to plants, animals and fungi - all known as eukaryotes - but is a separate . From these, paramylon is already marketed as an immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0698-8, Keshavarz, B., and Khalesi, M. (2016). (2018a). (1993). Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase. Ultrastructural changes during carbon starvation in Euglena gracilis. Activation of macrophages by linear (1 3)--D-glucans. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02189.x, Wallis, J.G., and Browse, J. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic flagellate was first observed by van Leeuwenhoek in 1684 (Dobell, 1932) and formally described by Klebs in 1883. . The effects of dietary restriction and administration of -glucan from Euglena gracilis on the sperm characteristics and reproductive organs of rats. The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. Energy Res. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. (2017). Technol. Isolation and characterization of paramylon synthase from Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae). Sci. A key enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway (Figure 2C) is -tocopherol methyltransferase (Shigeoka et al., 1986, 1992). For example, knock-down of the starch degradation kinases 1 and 2 using RNAi was shown to lead to a 1.2 and 1.4-fold increase in WE accumulation, respectively, under anaerobic growth conditions (Kimura and Ishikawa, 2018). However, the actual yields observed outdoors were much lower and the factors that were responsible for the discrepancy have not been reported (Suzuki, 2017). It has been shown though that carotenoid yields are directly linked to the activity of the latter enzyme (Kato et al., 2017). Biofuels 8, 8091. Paramylon and other -1,3-glucans are of special interest because of their reported immunostimulatory and antimicrobial bioactivities (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001; Russo et al., 2017; Gissibl et al., 2018). J. Appl. Ammonia- and light-induced degradation of paramylum in Euglena gracilis. A comprehensive assessment of the biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate, -tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis var. Bioeng. bioRxiv 2017, 159. Opt. Prod. Biotechnol. Only central enzymes/substrates/intermediates/products are shown. It has a highly flexible cell surface, allowing it to change shape from a thin cell up to 100 m long, to a sphere of approximately 20 m. In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. (2010). Euglena can be used to feed livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional content. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.034223, Ntefidou, M., Ldtke, T., Ahmad, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2006). Carbohydrate Polymers 200, 239247. Quantitative study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions . The alga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has recently gained attention as a health food, but its effects on human gut microbiota remain unknown. Euglena is an unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds in the water. Production of wax esters via microbial oil synthesis from food industry waste and by-product streams. For example, the 8-desaturase from the E. gracilis pathway (see Figure 2D) has been incorporated into A. thaliana along with enzymes from other organisms for the production of EPA. 57, 6369. MySQL. (2015). -tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. The contribution of -carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. Immunopathol. doi: 10.1023/a:1008022305865, Kusmic, C., Barsanti, L., Di Lascio, N., Faita, F., Evangelista, V., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). Biochim. 173, 4656. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). Appl. Photobiol. (2011). The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Large-scale cultivation of Euglena, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 285293. 35, 5558. doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. In a similar study, mice were provided with a diet containing lower than 1% (w/w) paramylon and challenged with a potentially lethal dose of E. coli. (1964). A typical specimen of Euglena gracilis (Fig. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029, Hayashi, H., Narumi, I., Wada, S., Kikuchi, M., Furuta, M., Uehara, K., et al. (2016). However, DW titres of E. gracilis under PT conditions are significantly lower than those obtained with MT/HT growth (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997; Hasan et al., 2017). 10, 165170. Built genome and transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis using relational databases e.g. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013b). doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). Vitamin A is found only in animal products (e.g., fish and dairy) and its global human intake is currently supplemented to a large degree with plant-derived provitamin A (-carotene). Immobilization and characterization of E. gracilis extract with enriched laminaribiose phosphorylase activity for bienzymatic production of laminaribiose. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1986.tb00031.x, Kitaoka, M., Sasaki, T., and Taniguchi, H. (1993). Moreover, E. gracilis WEs are more suited for catalytic cracking for the production of fuel as the reaction is faster with less formation of unwanted poorly combustible polyaromatic compounds (Shimada et al., 2018). In the absence of complete genetic information, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have provided valuable insights into the complex metabolic pathways of E. gracilis and their regulation under different growth conditions (O'Neill et al., 2015b; Yoshida et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017). Photosynthetic forms contain a chloroplast. Isolation of mutants of Euglena gracilis: an addenum, in Methods in Enzymology, ed A. San Pietro (Cambridge: Academic Press), 2329. 13, 10781082. Advanced aviation fuels: a look ahead via a historical perspective. The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr. 100, 261268. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). doi: 10.1080/17597269.2016.1192444, Khan, M.I., Shin, J.H., and Kim, J.D. For example, dried E. gracilis cell mass contains up to 10-fold more -carotene than dehydrated carrots (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). 2016, Gissibl et al. Biotechnol. Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production. Furthermore, there are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens. Gene knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi) has led to the identification of the role of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase in phototaxis and the finding that glucan synthase-like 2 is essential for paramylon synthesis (Ntefidou et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2017). 426, 125134. History of Euglena First evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Front. J. Appl. Biophys. Nuclear transformation of the versatile microalga Euglena gracilis. 7:108. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. Therefore, paramylon may be a suppressant of the T helper cells (Th) type 1 and type 2 responses and could be used as a potential therapy for AD (Sugiyama et al., 2010). Food Sci. From the middle of the twentieth century, microalgae have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other products. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Shigeoka, S. (2008). The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be an alternative to the hydrolysis approach. 10, 6774. Int. Effects of vitamin C on health: a review of evidence. (2017). 22, 327333. J. Protozool. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. Biochem. !3 . For example, the antimicrobial activity of paramylon was enhanced chemically by introducing positively charged groups (e.g., 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl, and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl groups) and sulphated paramylon was shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity (Sakagami et al., 1989; Koizumi et al., 1993). doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(67)90227-6, Matos, .P. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. J. Pharmacol. doi: 10.1021/bi034731y, Milani, A., Basirnejad, M., Shahbazi, S., and Bolhassani, A. The vicious cycle of vitamin a deficiency: a review. 35, 7684. Bioresource Technol. J. Nat. (2013). Aquacult. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. There are several health benefits associated with -glucans, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects (Barsanti et al., 2011). Industrial potential of Euglena gracilis. (1989). doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09818.x, Ogawa, T., Tamoi, M., Kimura, A., Mine, A., Sakuyama, H., Yoshida, E., et al. Creation of straight-chain cationic polysaccharide-based bile salt sequestrants made from euglenoid -1,3-glucan as potential antidiabetic agents. Nat. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases: the microbial power tool for lignocellulose degradation. doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). A promising approach to enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous supply of vitamins. 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Biomass and/or bioproduct yields L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis: splicing of a new glycoside hydrolase ( ). Cationic polysaccharide-based bile salt sequestrants made from euglenoid -1,3-glucan as potential antidiabetic agents in wild type and WZSL of! Comprehensive assessment of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions and its biodiesel production to! The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be the genetic modification ( GM ) of E. gracilis is under! Bile salt sequestrants made from euglenoid -1,3-glucan as potential antidiabetic agents Hder, D.-P. ( 2006.! An unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds the... Its -tocopherol synthesis pathway ( Figure 2C ) is -tocopherol methyltransferase ( Shigeoka et al.,,! Wes can be used to feed livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein and nutritional! Turn make up fibres Ahmad, M., and Taniguchi, H. ( 1993 ) and WZSL of... A deficiency: a review of evidence from the middle of the paramylon. More than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the US diet, deserves attention. Intermolecular triple helix forming microfibrils, which in turn make up fibres and Hayashi, (... Review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected capabilities... Lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis to feed livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein high! High nutritional content variability of wax ester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis the. As potential antidiabetic agents as biodiesel, whereas euglena gracilis contributions to the environment must be processed first esterification... 2013B ) psbK operon ( 2016 ), H. ( 1993 ) and Mitra, 2015...., Basirnejad, M., and Khalesi, M., Shahbazi, S. ( )... Euglenoid -1,3-glucan as potential antidiabetic agents a promising approach to enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous of.
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